The Health Risk Assessments have been created by A.D.A.M. Inc. The assessment questions and their corresponding health messages are based on the following references and physician review:
Allen RP, Montplaisir J, Walters AS, Hoegl B, Ferini-Strambi L. Restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease) and periodic limb movements during sleep. In: Kryger M, Roth T, Goldstein CA, Dement WC, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 121.
Banks S, Dorrian J, Basner M, Kaizi-Lutu M, Dinges DF. Sleep deprivation. In: Kryger M, Roth T, Goldstein CA, Dement WC, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 5.
Cheng P, Roehrs T, Roth T. Daytime Sleepiness and alertness. In: Kryger M, Roth T, Goldstein CA, Dement WC, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 4.
Drake CL, Wright KP, Cheng P. Shift work, shift-work disorder, jet lag, and jet lag disorder. In: Kryger M, Roth T, Goldstein CA, Dement WC, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 81.
McCrae CS, Taylor DJ, Petrov ME, Grandner MA, Curtis AF. Insomnia: epidemiology, risk factors, and health disparities. In: Kryger M, Roth T, Goldstein CA, Dement WC, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 90.
Ong JC, Arnedt JT, Kalmbach D, Smith MT. Insomnia diagnosis, assessment, and evaluation. In: Kryger M, Roth T, Goldstein CA, Dement WC, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 93.
US Department of Health & Human Services website. Office on Women's Health. Insomnia. www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/insomnia. Updated February 22, 2021. Accessed October 8, 2024.
Sarber KM, Lam DJ, Ishman SL. Sleep apnea and sleep disorders. In: Flint PW, Francis HW, Haughey BH, et al, eds. Cummings Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 15.
Vaughn BV, Basner RC. Sleep disorders. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 374.
Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep. 2015 Jun 1;38(6):843-844. PMID: 26039963 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26039963/.