Lactose intolerance

Definition

Lactose is a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products. An enzyme called lactase is needed by the body to digest lactose.

Lactose intolerance develops when the small intestine does not make enough of this enzyme.

Alternative Names

Lactase deficiency; Milk intolerance; Disaccharidase deficiency; Dairy product intolerance; Diarrhea - lactose intolerance; Bloating - lactose intolerance

Causes

Babies' bodies make the lactase enzyme so they can digest milk, including breast milk.

Lactose intolerance is very common in adults. It is rarely dangerous. About 30 million American adults have some degree of lactose intolerance by age 20.

An illness that involves or injures your small intestine may cause less of the lactase enzyme to be made. Treatment of these illnesses may improve the symptoms of lactose intolerance. These may include:

Babies may be born with a genetic variant, which may make them unable to make any of the lactase enzyme.

Symptoms

Symptoms often occur 30 minutes to 2 hours after having milk products. Symptoms may be worse when you consume large amounts.

Symptoms include:

Exams and Tests

Other intestinal problems, such as irritable bowel syndrome, may cause the same symptoms as lactose intolerance.

Tests to help diagnose lactose intolerance include:

Another method may be to challenge a patient with 25 to 50 grams of lactose in water. Symptoms are then assessed using a questionnaire.

A 1 to 2 week trial of a completely lactose-free diet is also sometimes tried.

Treatment

Cutting down your intake of milk products that contain lactose from your diet most often eases symptoms. Also look at food labels for hidden sources of lactose in non-milk products (including some beers) and avoid these.

Most people with a low lactase level can drink up to one half cup of milk at one time (2 to 4 ounces or 60 to 120 milliliters) without having symptoms. Larger servings (more than 8 ounces or 240 mL) may cause problems for people with lactase deficiency.

Milk products that may be easier to digest include:

You can add lactase enzymes to regular milk. You can also take these enzymes as capsules or chewable tablets. There are also many lactose-free dairy products available.

Not having milk and other dairy products in your diet can lead to a shortage of calcium, vitamin D, riboflavin, and protein. You need 1,000 to 1,500 mg of calcium each day depending on your age and sex. Some things you can do to get more calcium in your diet are:

Outlook (Prognosis)

Symptoms most often go away when you remove milk, other dairy products, and other sources of lactose from your diet. Without dietary changes, infants or children may have growth problems.

If the lactose intolerance was caused by a temporary diarrheal illness, levels of lactase enzyme will return to normal within a few weeks.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your provider if:

Prevention

There is no known way to prevent lactose intolerance. You can prevent symptoms by avoiding foods with lactose.

References

Höegenauer C, Hammer HF. Maldigestion and malabsorption. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 104.

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. Definition & facts for lactose intolerance. www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance/definition-facts. Updated February 2018. Accessed July 3, 2024.

Semrad CE. Approach to the patient with diarrhea and malabsorption. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 126.


Review Date: 6/11/2024
Reviewed By: Jenifer K. Lehrer, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Aria - Jefferson Health Torresdale, Jefferson Digestive Diseases Network, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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