There are several types of nail disorders. A fungal infection is the most common, usually affecting the toenails. Following proper treatment, a fungal nail infection is cured by the growth of new, noninfected nails.

Signs and symptoms of a nail disorder include:

• Discoloration or spotting
• Painful, red swelling
• Pits, ridges, scars
• Lesions
• Brown black band

Several nail disorders are present at birth or develop during infancy. Nail disorders are caused by:

• Infections
• Skin diseases
• Benign or malignant tumors
• Certain systemic diseases

Chronic renal failure, for example, is known to cause various nail pathologies. They also may be self induced.

People with the following conditions or characteristics are at risk for developing a nail disorder:

• Genetic predisposition
• Excessive exposure to water, heat, and humidity
• Tight fitting shoes
• Chemical damage
• Diabetes
• Skin diseases
• Tumors
• Over manicuring
• Habits involving picking at the skin surrounding a nail
• Soil contamination
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS

If you have symptoms of a nail disorder, you should see your health care provider. Your provider will make a diagnosis based on a:

• Physical exam
• Lab tests, such as fungal or bacterial cultures
• Imaging procedures if a tumor is suspected

Prevention

To prevent a nail disroder, you should:

• Keep your toenails cut short.
• Make sure your shoes fit properly.
• Avoid walking barefoot at public showers and swimming facilities.
• Throw out old, worn footwear.

Treatment Plan

Your health care provider may remove the infected nail and prescribe oral medication, as well as medication to apply to the nail.

Drug Therapies

Your provider may prescribe the following antifungal or antibacterial medications.

• Terbinafine
• Itraconazole
• Fluconazole
• Steroids
• Antibiotics
• Efalizumab (for nail involvement in psoriasis)

Surgical and Other Procedures

Your provider can:

• Remove or drain lesions
• Drain blood clots
• Sometimes surgically remove the nail

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

A comprehensive treatment plan for nail disorders may include a range of complementary and alternative therapies.

Nutrition and Supplements

Virtually every nutritional deficiency can affect nail growth. These nutritional tips may help reduce symptoms:

• Eliminate potential food allergens, including dairy, wheat (gluten), corn, preservatives, and food additives. Your provider may want to test for food sensitivities.
• Eat calcium-rich foods, including beans, almonds, and dark green leafy vegetables (spinach and kale).
• Eat antioxidant-rich foods, including fruits (blueberries, cherries, and tomatoes), and vegetables (squash and bell peppers).
• Avoid refined foods, such as white breads, pasta, and sugar.
• Use healthy oils in foods, such as olive oil or vegetable oil.
• Reduce or eliminate trans fatty acids, found in commercially-baked goods, such as cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts, processed foods, and margarine.
• Avoid coffee and other stimulants, alcohol, and tobacco.
• Drink 6 to 8 glasses of filtered water daily.
• Exercise at least 30 minutes daily, 5 days a week.

You may address nutritional deficiencies with the following supplements:

• A multivitamin daily: containing the antioxidant vitamins A, C, E, the B-complex vitamins, and trace minerals, such as magnesium, calcium, zinc, and selenium.
• Probiotic supplement (containing Lactobacillus acidophilus):5 to 10 billion CFUs (colony forming units) a day, for maintenance of gastrointestinal and immune health. if you have a suppressed immune system, speak to your doctor before taking probiotics. Some probiotic supplements need refrigeration. Check the label carefully.
• Omega-3 fatty acids: such as fish oil, 1 to 2 capsules or 1 tbsp of oil, 1 to 2 times daily, to help reduce inflammation. Fish oils may increase bleeding in sensitive individuals, such as those taking blood-thinning mediations (including aspirin).
• Grapefruit seed extract (Citrus paradisi): 100 mg capsule or 5 to 10 drops (in favorite beverage) 3 times daily, for antibacterial/antifungal activity and immunity. Grapefruit products can interact with a variety of medications. Speak with your physician.
• L-glutamine: 500 to 1,000 mg, 3 times daily, for support of gastrointestinal health and immunity. DO NOT take glutamine if you have a history of mania or seizures, unless you are being closely monitored by a physician.

Herbs

Herbs are one way to strengthen and tone the body's systems. As with any therapy, you should work with your provider to diagnose your problem before starting any treatment. You may use herbs as dried extracts (capsules, powders, teas), glycerites (glycerine extracts), or tinctures (alcohol extracts). Unless otherwise indicated, make teas with 1 tsp. of herb per cup of hot water. Steep covered 5 to 10 minutes for leaf or flowers, and 10 to 20 minutes for roots. Drink 2 to 4 cups per day. You may use tinctures alone or in combination as noted.

• Green tea (Camellia sinensis) standardized extract: 250 to 500 mg daily, for inflammation and antibacterial or antifungal effects. You may also prepare teas from the leaf of this herb.
• Cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) standardized extract: 20 mg, 3 times a day, for antibacterial or antifungal effects. Cat's claw can interact with many medications, including blood pressure medications and immunosuppressant drugs. Speak with your doctor if you are taking any medications. People with leukemia should not use cat's claw.
• Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) standardized extract: 150 to 300 mg, 2 to 3 times daily, for immunity. You may also take a tincture of this mushroom extract, 30 to 60 drops, 2 to 3 times a day. Reishi can increase the effects of blood pressure medications and blood-thinning medications, such as warfarin (Coumadin) and aspirin. Speak with your doctor.
• Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seed standardized extract: 80 to 160 mg, 2 to 3 times daily, for detoxification support. Milk thistle can interact with a variety of medications. Speak with your doctor.
• Topical: Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia):apply undiluted to affected nail (using a cotton swab) 3 to 4 times daily, for antibacterial/antifungal activity.

Homeopathy

Few studies have examined the effectiveness of specific homeopathic remedies. A professional homeopath, however, may recommend one or more of the following treatments for nail disorders based on his or her knowledge and clinical experience. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person's constitutional type, includes your physical, emotional, and intellectual makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate remedy for a particular individual.

• Calendula: for reddish, scaly rashes
• Graphites: for cracking skin and nails with oozing fluid caused by fungal infections; symptoms improve with open air
• Sulphur: for fungal disorders that itch, particularly if warmth worsens symptoms

Acupuncture

Acupuncture may help:

• Enhance immune function
• Normalize digestion
• Address disease conditions

Massage

Massage can help stimulate circulation, which aids the transport of nutrients to the nail bed.

Hydrotherapy

Alternating hot and cold foot baths can help shuttle blood and immune cells to infected nails. Fill one bucket with hot water (be sure the water temperature is not so hot as to burn, but similar to a Jacuzzi, about 100° F - 37.7° C) and one with cold water. Place feet in hot water for 3 minutes, then immediately into cold water for 1 minute. Repeat this series 3 times, then vigorously rub feet with a dry towel. You can add 7 drops of essential oil of lavender to the hot water to increase its stimulating effects. People with a vascular disease or any other type of compromised circulation or peripheral neuropathy should NOT do hydrotherapy without their doctor's supervision.

The consequences of most nail disorders are purely cosmetic. Regenerating a toenail usually takes 8 to 12 months, while regrowing a fingernail takes half as long. Infection relapses or permanent damage sometimes occur. Complications may include cellulitis (tissue inflammation) and the embarrassment caused by unsightly nail appearance. Nail abnormalities are also associated with hair, teeth, or gland abnormalities.

Follow up with your health care provider if you have any drug side effects or interactions.

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